Archaeological excavations at Likonong, a rock shelter in Lesotho’s Maloti-Drakensberg Mountains, reveal that early humans adapted to harsh highland environments as early as 242,000 years ago. Initial visits were brief, with limited evidence of fire use. However, by 144,000 years ago, a significant increase in human activity, including extensive fire use indicated by magnetic susceptibility and charred bone, suggests more regular and longer stays. This adaptation occurred during an ice age, challenging previous assumptions that sustained highland occupation only began after a climate warming 130,000 years ago. Researchers theorize that enhanced cooperation and information sharing, possibly centered around fire, were crucial for survival and adaptation in this challenging landscape, potentially shaping the development of our species.